REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I think I did a very good job explaining contraception in the unit 4 part 1 Compendium Review. I also thought I did a good job on the unit 4 part 1 lab for the stages of the fetus. And the lab for Demographics I felt I did a good job on.
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I should have explained myself more thoroughly in the second Compendium Review and I ethical issues essay should have been longer
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I think I did about B work, some was A, but overall it is a B.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
Well, in my next science class, since there isn’t another unit I need to allow myself more time.
REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
1. At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
When I was studying the development of the child in the women, it was fascinating and inspiring.
2. At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
Oh, trying to get through the reading the demographics study about Asia for the ethical issues essay, it was long and tedious.
3. What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
I was having trouble with the demographics simulator and I logged on to the ning network and someone else had had the same problem and I was able to get the answer I needed.
4. What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
Nothing, I didn’t work with other students of the teacher enough for that to be an issue.
5. What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I think I found studying demographics the most surprising, I didn’t know about the Great leap forward or the huge number’s of aging population in places other than china.
Friday, December 12, 2008
UNit 4 Lab
1. Herb in my tea, Licorice (Liquiritia officinalis) it was my prey, this is in part a domesticated species as it is grown by humans, but it also occurs naturally in nature.
Me drinking tea
2. Whole wheat flour in cereal (Triticum aestivum) this was my prey. Wheat has been domesticated for consumption by humans is domesticated animals.
Me eating cereal
4. A Man, my boyfriend, (homosapien) we have a symbiotic relationship, and I cause I could say that he is domesticated.
Mike and I
5. Pet Gerbils (Gerbillinae) our relationship is mutualistic, I take care of them and they bring me joy. They are domesticated.
Me holding one of the gerbils
6. House dust mites breathed in (Dermatophagoides) because I breathed them which is a type of consumption I will say that they are my prey. No they are not domesticated.
7. Bacteria scrubbed of in the shower (E. coli), I suppose the relationship would be commensal at best. This is not a domesticated species.
8. Bacteria taken out of my mouth through brushing and flossing (Streptococcus) a commensal relationship, again, at best. It is not a domesticated species.
Me brushing my teeth
9. Potassium alum in my deodorant I have a commensal relationship with my deodorant. This is not a domesticated species.
10. Soybeans in my hair serum (Glycine max) I have a commensal relationship with this domesticated species.
11. Rosemary in my hair spray (Rosemaryinus officinalis) I have a commensal relationship with the somewhat domesticated for human use rosemary in my hairspray.
12. Green tea in my lotion (Camellia sinensis) I have a commensal relationship with this species that has been domesticated for agricultural purposes for later human use.
13. Lavender extract in shaving lotion (Lavandula angustifolia) I have a commensal relationship with the lavender in my shaving lotion. Lavender has been domesticated for human use.
14. Quinoa in lunch casserole (Chenopodium quinoa). Quinoa is my prey and it has been domesticated for human consumption.
Me eating the cassarole
15. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) I have a mutualistic relationship, I give the plant water it gives my house beauty. It has been widely domesticated for human use.
Me watering the Poinsettia
16. Rice in rice syrup (Oryza sativa), the rice is my prey and it has been domesticated for thousands of years.
17. Mold, that I scrubbed off in the shower (Yellow Cladosporium), I consider it to be a predator because it harms my body, it is not domesticated.
Me scrubbing mold
18. Caster oil in lip balm (Ricinus communis) I have a commensal relationship with my domesticated caster oil.
Me putting lip balm on
19. Live Oak trees, at school, Prescott College, (Quercus virginiana). I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated oak trees.
20. The neighbor’s cat (Feline) I have a symbiotic relationship with this domesticated creator.
21. Coco in chocolate I gave someone (Lodoicea maldivica) I have a symbiotic relationship with the coco because I did not consume this domesticated species.
22. Carrot for with lunch (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) This carrot was my prey. The carrot has been domesticated for human use.
23. My parent’s dog (Canis lupus familiaris). I have a symbiotic relationship with this domesticated creator.
24. Yeast from dog’s ear infection (Malassezia Pachydermatis) I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated yeast. My dog has a parasitic relationship with the yeast.
25. Bacteria from my moms kiss (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated bacteria.
26. Chard, for dinner (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla.) I have a prey relationship with my chard, which has been domesticated for human use.
27. Green Olive’s in Oil (Olea europaea) I have a prey relationship with the olives in my olive oil, which has been domesticated for human use.
28. A cow, by way of the leather of my purse (Bos taurus) You could say that I have a prey relationship, because even though I didn’t eat the cow, it was killed for my use. Cows have been domesticated.
Me holding my purse
29. A sheep, by way of my wool coat (Ovis aries) I have a commensal relationship with this domesticated animal.
30. Hemp seed in the hemp milk I drank (Cannabis sativa) I have a prey relationship with the hemp that I consumed. Hemp has been domesticated for various purposes, including my innocent hemp milk.
Me drinking tea
2. Whole wheat flour in cereal (Triticum aestivum) this was my prey. Wheat has been domesticated for consumption by humans is domesticated animals.
Me eating cereal
4. A Man, my boyfriend, (homosapien) we have a symbiotic relationship, and I cause I could say that he is domesticated.
Mike and I
5. Pet Gerbils (Gerbillinae) our relationship is mutualistic, I take care of them and they bring me joy. They are domesticated.
Me holding one of the gerbils
6. House dust mites breathed in (Dermatophagoides) because I breathed them which is a type of consumption I will say that they are my prey. No they are not domesticated.
7. Bacteria scrubbed of in the shower (E. coli), I suppose the relationship would be commensal at best. This is not a domesticated species.
8. Bacteria taken out of my mouth through brushing and flossing (Streptococcus) a commensal relationship, again, at best. It is not a domesticated species.
Me brushing my teeth
9. Potassium alum in my deodorant I have a commensal relationship with my deodorant. This is not a domesticated species.
10. Soybeans in my hair serum (Glycine max) I have a commensal relationship with this domesticated species.
11. Rosemary in my hair spray (Rosemaryinus officinalis) I have a commensal relationship with the somewhat domesticated for human use rosemary in my hairspray.
12. Green tea in my lotion (Camellia sinensis) I have a commensal relationship with this species that has been domesticated for agricultural purposes for later human use.
13. Lavender extract in shaving lotion (Lavandula angustifolia) I have a commensal relationship with the lavender in my shaving lotion. Lavender has been domesticated for human use.
14. Quinoa in lunch casserole (Chenopodium quinoa). Quinoa is my prey and it has been domesticated for human consumption.
Me eating the cassarole
15. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) I have a mutualistic relationship, I give the plant water it gives my house beauty. It has been widely domesticated for human use.
Me watering the Poinsettia
16. Rice in rice syrup (Oryza sativa), the rice is my prey and it has been domesticated for thousands of years.
17. Mold, that I scrubbed off in the shower (Yellow Cladosporium), I consider it to be a predator because it harms my body, it is not domesticated.
Me scrubbing mold
18. Caster oil in lip balm (Ricinus communis) I have a commensal relationship with my domesticated caster oil.
Me putting lip balm on
19. Live Oak trees, at school, Prescott College, (Quercus virginiana). I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated oak trees.
20. The neighbor’s cat (Feline) I have a symbiotic relationship with this domesticated creator.
21. Coco in chocolate I gave someone (Lodoicea maldivica) I have a symbiotic relationship with the coco because I did not consume this domesticated species.
22. Carrot for with lunch (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) This carrot was my prey. The carrot has been domesticated for human use.
23. My parent’s dog (Canis lupus familiaris). I have a symbiotic relationship with this domesticated creator.
24. Yeast from dog’s ear infection (Malassezia Pachydermatis) I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated yeast. My dog has a parasitic relationship with the yeast.
25. Bacteria from my moms kiss (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) I have a symbiotic relationship with the undomesticated bacteria.
26. Chard, for dinner (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla.) I have a prey relationship with my chard, which has been domesticated for human use.
27. Green Olive’s in Oil (Olea europaea) I have a prey relationship with the olives in my olive oil, which has been domesticated for human use.
28. A cow, by way of the leather of my purse (Bos taurus) You could say that I have a prey relationship, because even though I didn’t eat the cow, it was killed for my use. Cows have been domesticated.
Me holding my purse
29. A sheep, by way of my wool coat (Ovis aries) I have a commensal relationship with this domesticated animal.
30. Hemp seed in the hemp milk I drank (Cannabis sativa) I have a prey relationship with the hemp that I consumed. Hemp has been domesticated for various purposes, including my innocent hemp milk.
Compendium Review Unit 4 pt 2
Table of contents
1. Deep Time Evolutionary History
2. Human Evolution
3. Natural Selection
4. Physical Landscape
5. Biological Landscape--what is domestication?
1. Deep Time Evolutionary History
Deep time is a way of expressing the amount of time that is not understandable for the humane mind. It is necessary to become comfortable with the idea of deep time for studying evolution.
a. Early Earth
The earth and its history have been studied widely. Scientists have uncovered the chemical makeup of the earth from existing ancient rocks, which give them an idea of how the earth has changed over time. The Stanly Miller experiments looked at what the young earth’s atmosphere was like, how energy was applied and studied organic molecules.
b. Evolution is a fact
Many creationists argue that evolution is not real. However, scientists argue this with facts that have been uncovered. There are many fossil records that show the evolution of species and the earth. Not to mention that many similarities exist between species that are thought to be related and be a break off of another species.
2. Human Evolution
The evolution of humans is probably the most studied part of evolution; we are after all quite self-absorbed. Humans are Homo sapiens, this is characterized by these facts, we can interbreed, there is little anatomical or biochemical difference between populations, and DNA and protean show a single common ancestor. The humans of today’s world rule the planet. This is great for us but has led to many adverse affects on the environment and other species. We are responsible for the pollution and we have been responsible for the extinction of many plants and animals; not to mention general disruption of their existence.
a. Humans are primates
Humans are most closely related to monkeys and apes, which are also primates; we share many characteristics with other primates.
3. Natural Selection
The idea of Natural Selection is the brainchild of Darwin. It says that the strongest survive creating an ever-stronger race of the species. It is similar to how farmers produce ever-healthier crops, or at least try to.
4. Physical Landscape
Humans have had quite an impact of the physical landscape of the earth, and more than just all the construction that has been done to reshape the land. We affect the water cycle, by consuming huge amounts of water and using it for agriculture and even for amusement. We have also disrupted the carbon cycle, because we harvest fossil fuels. Humans have put carbon gages into the atmosphere which many claim is responsible for climate change.
5. Biological Landscape--what is domestication?
We have created our own landscape. We have an ecosystem just like any other species, however we have over complicated how this works because of our sheer size and of course of particular living habits. We consume resources at a much larger rate than any other species. We have also changed other ecosystems in many ways and included other species in our ecosystem through domestication. Early on we simply domestication things that interacted well with humans and we’re easier to breed. Now we’ve branched out, we use domestication for research in laboratories; we have brought animals indoors to live with us.
1. Deep Time Evolutionary History
2. Human Evolution
3. Natural Selection
4. Physical Landscape
5. Biological Landscape--what is domestication?
1. Deep Time Evolutionary History
Deep time is a way of expressing the amount of time that is not understandable for the humane mind. It is necessary to become comfortable with the idea of deep time for studying evolution.
a. Early Earth
The earth and its history have been studied widely. Scientists have uncovered the chemical makeup of the earth from existing ancient rocks, which give them an idea of how the earth has changed over time. The Stanly Miller experiments looked at what the young earth’s atmosphere was like, how energy was applied and studied organic molecules.
b. Evolution is a fact
Many creationists argue that evolution is not real. However, scientists argue this with facts that have been uncovered. There are many fossil records that show the evolution of species and the earth. Not to mention that many similarities exist between species that are thought to be related and be a break off of another species.
2. Human Evolution
The evolution of humans is probably the most studied part of evolution; we are after all quite self-absorbed. Humans are Homo sapiens, this is characterized by these facts, we can interbreed, there is little anatomical or biochemical difference between populations, and DNA and protean show a single common ancestor. The humans of today’s world rule the planet. This is great for us but has led to many adverse affects on the environment and other species. We are responsible for the pollution and we have been responsible for the extinction of many plants and animals; not to mention general disruption of their existence.
a. Humans are primates
Humans are most closely related to monkeys and apes, which are also primates; we share many characteristics with other primates.
3. Natural Selection
The idea of Natural Selection is the brainchild of Darwin. It says that the strongest survive creating an ever-stronger race of the species. It is similar to how farmers produce ever-healthier crops, or at least try to.
4. Physical Landscape
Humans have had quite an impact of the physical landscape of the earth, and more than just all the construction that has been done to reshape the land. We affect the water cycle, by consuming huge amounts of water and using it for agriculture and even for amusement. We have also disrupted the carbon cycle, because we harvest fossil fuels. Humans have put carbon gages into the atmosphere which many claim is responsible for climate change.
5. Biological Landscape--what is domestication?
We have created our own landscape. We have an ecosystem just like any other species, however we have over complicated how this works because of our sheer size and of course of particular living habits. We consume resources at a much larger rate than any other species. We have also changed other ecosystems in many ways and included other species in our ecosystem through domestication. Early on we simply domestication things that interacted well with humans and we’re easier to breed. Now we’ve branched out, we use domestication for research in laboratories; we have brought animals indoors to live with us.
Thursday, December 11, 2008
Unit 4 Compendium Review: Reproduction
Table of Contents
1. Human Life Cycle
2. Meiosis again--eggs and sperm
3. Male reproductive organs
4. Female reproductive organs
5. Birth Control
6. STD’s
7. Infections
8. Fetal Development and Birth
1. Human Life Cycle
The human life cycle starts with meiosis goes through fertilization, fetal development, birth, childhood and adolescence, Adulthood, Aging and finally death. Each stage has particular biological significance to the body; it’s operation and appearance.
2. Meiosis, eggs and sperm
Meiosis is when the chromosomes from each organism are chosen for the new organism.
a. Meiosis in the male organs
In the male this happens in the tissue of the testes, which are full of seminiferous tubules, which is where sperm is created. The stem cells are always undergoing meiosis in the walls of the tubules. The sperm is collected in the epididymis. According to http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=MALEREPROD#MALEREPRODEPI, “The epididymis is a highly coiled tube (duct) that lies at the back of the testes and connects the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another single tube called the vas deferens. The epididymis is about 5 meters long if stretched out. All sperm must pass through the epididymis when they leave the testis. When released from the testis, the sperm spend two to 10 days passing through the epididymis. During this journey, the sperm mature and gain the ability to move (swim or become motile).” The sperm that doesn’t get used goes back into the testicular tissue.
b. Meiosis in the female organs
Meiosis in females occurs in the ovaries. There are two phases, the first happens in the fetal ovary. The first phase isn’t one we often think about, it occurs when the one egg matures and breaks free from the wall of the ovary to be taken up into the fallopian tube, which happens during the menstrual cycle during ovulation. Phase two happens when the egg is fertilized.
3. Male reproductive organs
The sperm is made in the testes and carried by the vas deferens. The vas deferens is the helpful tubes that carry the sperm into the urethra to prepare for ejaculation. The semen is made by the seminal glands that are located at the base of the penis and in the prostate.
a. Vasectomy
In a vasectomy a small part of the vas deferens is cut out so that the sperm can’t get to the urethra for ejaculation. Everything else stays the same, as before in relation to the production of the sperm, now all the sperm is unused and absorbed into the testicular fluid.
4. Female reproductive organs
The clitoris, is really the female penis, it is the same tissue that would have grown into a penis had the organism been a male. The bladder is located behind the pubis. The vagina is actually a muscular tube whose opening is located just behind the urethra. The Labia majorum is the tissue that surrounds and protects the vaginal opening, clitoris and urethra. The cervix is the part that the sperm has to get around to get through the fallopian tubes the to the eggs. The Oviducts are kind enough to get the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The ovaries are where the first parts of meiosis take place and are of course were eggs are produced.
5. Birth Control
There are many different types of birth control with different advantages and disadvantages. The most common are those that use hormones to trick the female body into thinking it is pregnant already and there for does not allow for an additional pregnancy. There hormone choices are things like the pill, the skin pact, the Depo-Provera shot, and the ring. Then there are condoms, which are available for male and female application. The male option is the most commonly used of those two options. Similar to condoms is the diaphragm and the sponge; these both use a barrier and spermicide like condoms. The ides is if the blockage doesn’t work the spermaside will kill, or mane the sperm to the point it can’t do it’s job. Spermaside can cause irritation to both the male and the female and increase the occurrence of bladder infection in females because the chemical in spermaside also kills the good bacteria in the vagina that protects the female from bladder infections. Then there are inserts like the IUD, or Intrauterine devices, which are inserted into the vagina. According to http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivecoil.htm, “They sit in your womb and prevent you from getting pregnant. They do this in three main ways: they prevent your partner’s sperm from getting through your womb and into your tubes, they alter the secretions (mucus) in your cervix, creating a further barrier for sperm, they affect your womb lining – making it less likely to ‘accept’ an egg.” There are also the permanent options of a vasectomy for the man, which I previously discussed, and for women a tubal ligation or essure. A tubal ligation is when the fallopian tube is tied, or sometimes-clipped shut so the sperm cannot get to the egg. Essure works in a similar way, a coil is inserted into the fallopian tube through the vagina, inside of the coil is a tissue growth stimulator, after 3 to 6 months tissue grows and blocks the fallopian tube.
6. STD’s
Sexually transmitted diseases are a rising problem. Viral STD’s can’t be treated with antibiotics, but some can be treated by a smaller selection of antiviral. These include; HIV, genital warts, genital herpes and hepatitis. There are also bacterial STD’s that can be treated with antibiotics; those include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis.
a. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an infection of the liver. There are six types, A, B, C, D, E and G. As far as STD’s go type B is the most common and is transmitted through sexual contact or through contaminated blood. It can lead to the liver failing. There is a vaccine that can be injected for protection against types A and B.
b. STD prevention
There are some things that can help prevent STD infection. Obviously is you don’t have sex it won’t be a problem. Reducing the number of partners and staying in long term relationships reduce ones changes of contraction. Partners need to be honest with each other about STD’s. And using condoms can help to prevent the spread of STD’s.
7. Infections
The reproductive track can be prone to several different types of infections. First Bacterial vaginosis or BV happens when there’s a disruption of the natural floras in the vagina and causes overgrowth of a certain bacteria. BV is responsible for 50 percent of vaginitis (infection of the vagina) in American women. Trichomoniasis is caused by protozoan (single celled eukaryotic organisms that like to be around moisture and cause many diseases). This can lead to vaginitis and causes a thick discharge, bad smell and itching. Candidiasis is a condition where there is too much yeast in the vagina. It can be caused by hormones in birth control and antibiotics. Common symptoms are red skin, inflammation, itching and white thick discharge.
8. Fetal Development and Birth
a. Fertilization and Implantation
In this first stage about a week into development mitosis is created smaller cells.
This is also called ectopic pregnancy because the fertilized egg implants.
b. Early embryonic development
The plan for the body is ready to go. The fetus is still very small, no organs have formed yet but the placenta is developing.
c. From fetus to adult
The body becomes an adult structure. The adult body has the following attributes from early on in the fetal stages: guts, brain and spinal cord, muscles and bones.
d. The Changes in the female body during pregnancy
Pregnancy is very disruptive to the female body it can cause the bladder and rectum to squeeze tightly. The stomach gets pushed on and becomes smaller requiring more frequent small meals instead of large ones. Also the immune system will respond differently and change the appetite of the mother so poisons don’t make there way to the fetus. The posture has to change because of the increased weight and mass the pregnancy creates. And of course the breasts get larger to allow for milk production.
e. Birth
Birthing can be approached many different ways. In America the hospital birth is common, but in other regions home births are more common. I was born at home; it was just dad and I my mom.
Sources: http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/Meiosis.htm, http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-dictionary/Seminiferous_tubules/, http://daphne.palomar.edu/psycsoc125/HSClass/anatomy_ts/pages/m_anat.html http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=MALEREPROD#MALEREPRODEPI, http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivecoil.htm, Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
1. Human Life Cycle
2. Meiosis again--eggs and sperm
3. Male reproductive organs
4. Female reproductive organs
5. Birth Control
6. STD’s
7. Infections
8. Fetal Development and Birth
1. Human Life Cycle
The human life cycle starts with meiosis goes through fertilization, fetal development, birth, childhood and adolescence, Adulthood, Aging and finally death. Each stage has particular biological significance to the body; it’s operation and appearance.
2. Meiosis, eggs and sperm
Meiosis is when the chromosomes from each organism are chosen for the new organism.
a. Meiosis in the male organs
In the male this happens in the tissue of the testes, which are full of seminiferous tubules, which is where sperm is created. The stem cells are always undergoing meiosis in the walls of the tubules. The sperm is collected in the epididymis. According to http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=MALEREPROD#MALEREPRODEPI, “The epididymis is a highly coiled tube (duct) that lies at the back of the testes and connects the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another single tube called the vas deferens. The epididymis is about 5 meters long if stretched out. All sperm must pass through the epididymis when they leave the testis. When released from the testis, the sperm spend two to 10 days passing through the epididymis. During this journey, the sperm mature and gain the ability to move (swim or become motile).” The sperm that doesn’t get used goes back into the testicular tissue.
b. Meiosis in the female organs
Meiosis in females occurs in the ovaries. There are two phases, the first happens in the fetal ovary. The first phase isn’t one we often think about, it occurs when the one egg matures and breaks free from the wall of the ovary to be taken up into the fallopian tube, which happens during the menstrual cycle during ovulation. Phase two happens when the egg is fertilized.
3. Male reproductive organs
The sperm is made in the testes and carried by the vas deferens. The vas deferens is the helpful tubes that carry the sperm into the urethra to prepare for ejaculation. The semen is made by the seminal glands that are located at the base of the penis and in the prostate.
a. Vasectomy
In a vasectomy a small part of the vas deferens is cut out so that the sperm can’t get to the urethra for ejaculation. Everything else stays the same, as before in relation to the production of the sperm, now all the sperm is unused and absorbed into the testicular fluid.
4. Female reproductive organs
The clitoris, is really the female penis, it is the same tissue that would have grown into a penis had the organism been a male. The bladder is located behind the pubis. The vagina is actually a muscular tube whose opening is located just behind the urethra. The Labia majorum is the tissue that surrounds and protects the vaginal opening, clitoris and urethra. The cervix is the part that the sperm has to get around to get through the fallopian tubes the to the eggs. The Oviducts are kind enough to get the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The ovaries are where the first parts of meiosis take place and are of course were eggs are produced.
5. Birth Control
There are many different types of birth control with different advantages and disadvantages. The most common are those that use hormones to trick the female body into thinking it is pregnant already and there for does not allow for an additional pregnancy. There hormone choices are things like the pill, the skin pact, the Depo-Provera shot, and the ring. Then there are condoms, which are available for male and female application. The male option is the most commonly used of those two options. Similar to condoms is the diaphragm and the sponge; these both use a barrier and spermicide like condoms. The ides is if the blockage doesn’t work the spermaside will kill, or mane the sperm to the point it can’t do it’s job. Spermaside can cause irritation to both the male and the female and increase the occurrence of bladder infection in females because the chemical in spermaside also kills the good bacteria in the vagina that protects the female from bladder infections. Then there are inserts like the IUD, or Intrauterine devices, which are inserted into the vagina. According to http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivecoil.htm, “They sit in your womb and prevent you from getting pregnant. They do this in three main ways: they prevent your partner’s sperm from getting through your womb and into your tubes, they alter the secretions (mucus) in your cervix, creating a further barrier for sperm, they affect your womb lining – making it less likely to ‘accept’ an egg.” There are also the permanent options of a vasectomy for the man, which I previously discussed, and for women a tubal ligation or essure. A tubal ligation is when the fallopian tube is tied, or sometimes-clipped shut so the sperm cannot get to the egg. Essure works in a similar way, a coil is inserted into the fallopian tube through the vagina, inside of the coil is a tissue growth stimulator, after 3 to 6 months tissue grows and blocks the fallopian tube.
6. STD’s
Sexually transmitted diseases are a rising problem. Viral STD’s can’t be treated with antibiotics, but some can be treated by a smaller selection of antiviral. These include; HIV, genital warts, genital herpes and hepatitis. There are also bacterial STD’s that can be treated with antibiotics; those include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis.
a. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an infection of the liver. There are six types, A, B, C, D, E and G. As far as STD’s go type B is the most common and is transmitted through sexual contact or through contaminated blood. It can lead to the liver failing. There is a vaccine that can be injected for protection against types A and B.
b. STD prevention
There are some things that can help prevent STD infection. Obviously is you don’t have sex it won’t be a problem. Reducing the number of partners and staying in long term relationships reduce ones changes of contraction. Partners need to be honest with each other about STD’s. And using condoms can help to prevent the spread of STD’s.
7. Infections
The reproductive track can be prone to several different types of infections. First Bacterial vaginosis or BV happens when there’s a disruption of the natural floras in the vagina and causes overgrowth of a certain bacteria. BV is responsible for 50 percent of vaginitis (infection of the vagina) in American women. Trichomoniasis is caused by protozoan (single celled eukaryotic organisms that like to be around moisture and cause many diseases). This can lead to vaginitis and causes a thick discharge, bad smell and itching. Candidiasis is a condition where there is too much yeast in the vagina. It can be caused by hormones in birth control and antibiotics. Common symptoms are red skin, inflammation, itching and white thick discharge.
8. Fetal Development and Birth
a. Fertilization and Implantation
In this first stage about a week into development mitosis is created smaller cells.
This is also called ectopic pregnancy because the fertilized egg implants.
b. Early embryonic development
The plan for the body is ready to go. The fetus is still very small, no organs have formed yet but the placenta is developing.
c. From fetus to adult
The body becomes an adult structure. The adult body has the following attributes from early on in the fetal stages: guts, brain and spinal cord, muscles and bones.
d. The Changes in the female body during pregnancy
Pregnancy is very disruptive to the female body it can cause the bladder and rectum to squeeze tightly. The stomach gets pushed on and becomes smaller requiring more frequent small meals instead of large ones. Also the immune system will respond differently and change the appetite of the mother so poisons don’t make there way to the fetus. The posture has to change because of the increased weight and mass the pregnancy creates. And of course the breasts get larger to allow for milk production.
e. Birth
Birthing can be approached many different ways. In America the hospital birth is common, but in other regions home births are more common. I was born at home; it was just dad and I my mom.
Sources: http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/Meiosis.htm, http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-dictionary/Seminiferous_tubules/, http://daphne.palomar.edu/psycsoc125/HSClass/anatomy_ts/pages/m_anat.html http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=MALEREPROD#MALEREPRODEPI, http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivecoil.htm, Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
Unit 4 pt 2 Lab: HUMAN POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS
Afghanistan
France
1. What was your high fertility rate country and what was its fertility rate?
Afghanistan with a very high rate of 6.4 children.
2. What was your low fertility rate country and what was its fertility rate?
France with a 1.8 fertility rate.
3. The initial demographic "shape" of your high fertility rate country should have been a pyramid, with high population in young age groups. Explain why high fertility rate results in a high percentage of young people in the population. How does this affect future population growth?
Because new humans are produced at such a high rate there are many more of the younger generations than older ones. The way it affects the future population depends on the behavior of the younger generations. If they produce at the same high rate as there parents that would create a future ratio that would be more balanced from young to old, if their reproduction drops significantly it would result in a large population that are older in the future.
4. Your low fertility rate country might have had a more oval-shaped curve with high population in middle age groups. This is especially exaggerated if the fertility rate is below 2.00. Explain why low fertility rate leads to lots of middle-aged people.
Because those who are at the age to produce children aren’t, so in the ten to twenty years they become the larger population because they didn’t create enough to replace them.
5. Write ten adjectives or descriptive phrases for what you might expect life, people's attitudes, conditions on the streets, etc. will be like in each of those situations. Imagine a situation with lots of middle-aged and older people in the population and write ten quick "brain-storm" descriptors for you think it would be like (Prescott, Arizona?). Then do the same for a situation with lots of children in the population.
For Afghanistan:
Crowded
Family-Oriented
Poor
Few resources
Lot’s of diapers
Stay at home mom
Helpless
Proud
Protective
Fulfilled
For France:
Anxious
Searching
Loving
Blessed
Appreciation
Simple
Safe
Organized
Career-minded
Only child
France
1. What was your high fertility rate country and what was its fertility rate?
Afghanistan with a very high rate of 6.4 children.
2. What was your low fertility rate country and what was its fertility rate?
France with a 1.8 fertility rate.
3. The initial demographic "shape" of your high fertility rate country should have been a pyramid, with high population in young age groups. Explain why high fertility rate results in a high percentage of young people in the population. How does this affect future population growth?
Because new humans are produced at such a high rate there are many more of the younger generations than older ones. The way it affects the future population depends on the behavior of the younger generations. If they produce at the same high rate as there parents that would create a future ratio that would be more balanced from young to old, if their reproduction drops significantly it would result in a large population that are older in the future.
4. Your low fertility rate country might have had a more oval-shaped curve with high population in middle age groups. This is especially exaggerated if the fertility rate is below 2.00. Explain why low fertility rate leads to lots of middle-aged people.
Because those who are at the age to produce children aren’t, so in the ten to twenty years they become the larger population because they didn’t create enough to replace them.
5. Write ten adjectives or descriptive phrases for what you might expect life, people's attitudes, conditions on the streets, etc. will be like in each of those situations. Imagine a situation with lots of middle-aged and older people in the population and write ten quick "brain-storm" descriptors for you think it would be like (Prescott, Arizona?). Then do the same for a situation with lots of children in the population.
For Afghanistan:
Crowded
Family-Oriented
Poor
Few resources
Lot’s of diapers
Stay at home mom
Helpless
Proud
Protective
Fulfilled
For France:
Anxious
Searching
Loving
Blessed
Appreciation
Simple
Safe
Organized
Career-minded
Only child
Unit 4 Ethical Issues Essay
Human population and its impact on the world and its resources has been an issue I have been aware of for quite some time. This gave me a new opportunity to learn much more than I had before about the subject and the many dimensions of it.
I found the argument that two children do much more than simply replace the parents. It seems to me than many reproduce out of habit, please don’t get me wrong I am not condemning having children I have just known many people who later in life look back and don’t really remember a conscious decision to have children. That being said it is amazing what one couple having two offspring can create? There is no guarantee that those children will grow up to have the same moderate number of children. Also there is the trend that shows that those whom have lower number of children use more resources. However I don’t think that the consumption of resources is that black and white, so-called “civilized” nations simply have grown accustomed to a very different type of lifestyle. Still it is important to consider the impact of the children we bring into the world, and for those that are brought into the world to raise them to be stewards of the earth. Especially because I see no real solution to the energy crisis, the methods that fuel corporate pocketbooks will always be the most popular.
Then there is the very interesting reality of Asia’s aging population. Again I find myself worrying for the people of China. It is undoubtedly a tough road ahead at least if things keep to their current trend. With China’s habit of poor decisions that adherently affect their population’s livelihood.
Finally the issue of the sex ratio imbalance is a fascinating one. I have always heard that there is a larger number of females world wide, one contributing factor to that was that more men fight in wars than do women, hence an exasperation of the difference. This seems a much more uncontrollable issue than the others that have been discussed. It is hard to argue with Mother Nature, but some may and have gender based abortions to bring more women into the world. I also can’t imagine the heart ach of so many not being able to marry.
Still I think that inevitably things work themselves out. While there may be problems coming the future due to changes in demographics, problems often also present new solutions and innovations.
I found the argument that two children do much more than simply replace the parents. It seems to me than many reproduce out of habit, please don’t get me wrong I am not condemning having children I have just known many people who later in life look back and don’t really remember a conscious decision to have children. That being said it is amazing what one couple having two offspring can create? There is no guarantee that those children will grow up to have the same moderate number of children. Also there is the trend that shows that those whom have lower number of children use more resources. However I don’t think that the consumption of resources is that black and white, so-called “civilized” nations simply have grown accustomed to a very different type of lifestyle. Still it is important to consider the impact of the children we bring into the world, and for those that are brought into the world to raise them to be stewards of the earth. Especially because I see no real solution to the energy crisis, the methods that fuel corporate pocketbooks will always be the most popular.
Then there is the very interesting reality of Asia’s aging population. Again I find myself worrying for the people of China. It is undoubtedly a tough road ahead at least if things keep to their current trend. With China’s habit of poor decisions that adherently affect their population’s livelihood.
Finally the issue of the sex ratio imbalance is a fascinating one. I have always heard that there is a larger number of females world wide, one contributing factor to that was that more men fight in wars than do women, hence an exasperation of the difference. This seems a much more uncontrollable issue than the others that have been discussed. It is hard to argue with Mother Nature, but some may and have gender based abortions to bring more women into the world. I also can’t imagine the heart ach of so many not being able to marry.
Still I think that inevitably things work themselves out. While there may be problems coming the future due to changes in demographics, problems often also present new solutions and innovations.
Thursday, November 20, 2008
Unit 4 part 1 lab: fetal development
Event 1: Carnegie stage 10, which occurs after ovulation in the 21 to 23 day of a women’s cycle. This event is significant because the very beginning stages of development are starting for the eyes, ears and heart. It is a great example of how quickly that, what which was once an egg turns into a human.
Event 2: Carnegie stage 11 occurs 23-25 days after ovulation. It is the early development, which is most significant to me because it is when the building blocks for future development. Now the heart is beating, it is only the beginning; the heart is kind of practicing because the blood vessels have yet to develop. And we can now see the umbilical cord.
Event 3: Carnegie stage 16 occurs 37-42 days after ovulation. Now the brain has practically developed, specifically the part of the brain that controls the heart, breathing and muscles. The lower jaw is now visible, the hand starts to become it’s own part from the limb bud, and the thigh and foot can now be seen as a part of the leg bud.
Event 4: Carnegie stage occurs 42-44 days after ovulation. Now we’re cooking so much occurs in this stage. The heart is now separating into its four separate chambers and the diaphragm forms. The sense of smell develops in the brain, the ears are now visible and teeth begin to develop. Also the pituitary glad begins to form. It is about to decide which gender to be, and the trunk is becoming straighter preparing to become a spine.
Event 5: Carnegie stage 18 occurs 44-48 days post ovulation. The eyes develop color and the eyelid appears. Nipples are created on the chest and the kidneys start to produce urine. And the arms are ready to go.
Event 6: Carnegie stage 20 occurs 51-53 days after ovulation. Now the baby is starting to look like a human. It can now create voluntary movement, the nasal openings have formed, and the gender has been decided. The arms are full and bend at the elbow and the toes look like duck feet.
Event 7: Carnegie stage 23 occurs 56-60 days after ovulation the head is now standing up from the rest of the body. The ear is complete; the taste buds begin to form. Limbs are formed and the toes and fingers have separated. Now the tail has disappeared.
Event 8: Week 10 the baby can now be measured in inches and is about 1.25 to 1.68 inches long. The structure of the brain is complete and hair follicles start to form on the face. The baby can now make vocal sounds through the vocal cords, which have formed in the larynx. The gender organs are starting to show their gender. The nails begin to development and the skin becomes very sensitive.
Event 9: Week 12 the heart beat can now be detected. The spleen is ready to go. The gender organs are now visible and the gender of the baby can be identified. Sweet glands and hair start to grow.
Event 10: Week 16 figures prints are starting to develop. The ears are standing out from the head and are fully developed. The eyes are facing forward and the baby can now blink. I think this stage is most significant because the figure prints are developing, which are so significant in human life.
Note: I found so many stages to be significant that I did not span the whole pregnancy. I had no idea how much happened during development. I loved this assignment.
Event 2: Carnegie stage 11 occurs 23-25 days after ovulation. It is the early development, which is most significant to me because it is when the building blocks for future development. Now the heart is beating, it is only the beginning; the heart is kind of practicing because the blood vessels have yet to develop. And we can now see the umbilical cord.
Event 3: Carnegie stage 16 occurs 37-42 days after ovulation. Now the brain has practically developed, specifically the part of the brain that controls the heart, breathing and muscles. The lower jaw is now visible, the hand starts to become it’s own part from the limb bud, and the thigh and foot can now be seen as a part of the leg bud.
Event 4: Carnegie stage occurs 42-44 days after ovulation. Now we’re cooking so much occurs in this stage. The heart is now separating into its four separate chambers and the diaphragm forms. The sense of smell develops in the brain, the ears are now visible and teeth begin to develop. Also the pituitary glad begins to form. It is about to decide which gender to be, and the trunk is becoming straighter preparing to become a spine.
Event 5: Carnegie stage 18 occurs 44-48 days post ovulation. The eyes develop color and the eyelid appears. Nipples are created on the chest and the kidneys start to produce urine. And the arms are ready to go.
Event 6: Carnegie stage 20 occurs 51-53 days after ovulation. Now the baby is starting to look like a human. It can now create voluntary movement, the nasal openings have formed, and the gender has been decided. The arms are full and bend at the elbow and the toes look like duck feet.
Event 7: Carnegie stage 23 occurs 56-60 days after ovulation the head is now standing up from the rest of the body. The ear is complete; the taste buds begin to form. Limbs are formed and the toes and fingers have separated. Now the tail has disappeared.
Event 8: Week 10 the baby can now be measured in inches and is about 1.25 to 1.68 inches long. The structure of the brain is complete and hair follicles start to form on the face. The baby can now make vocal sounds through the vocal cords, which have formed in the larynx. The gender organs are starting to show their gender. The nails begin to development and the skin becomes very sensitive.
Event 9: Week 12 the heart beat can now be detected. The spleen is ready to go. The gender organs are now visible and the gender of the baby can be identified. Sweet glands and hair start to grow.
Event 10: Week 16 figures prints are starting to develop. The ears are standing out from the head and are fully developed. The eyes are facing forward and the baby can now blink. I think this stage is most significant because the figure prints are developing, which are so significant in human life.
Note: I found so many stages to be significant that I did not span the whole pregnancy. I had no idea how much happened during development. I loved this assignment.
Tuesday, November 18, 2008
Unit 3 lab
I decided to do a model of the knee joint because I have recently started running so I have been extra interested in my knees lately. I did my best to show every part of the joint. I couldn’t figure out how to illustrate the movement.
I did the model of the knee joint including
Femur: represented my the top portion of a spoon
Patella: represented by the scoop part of the spoon
Quadriceps tendon: represented by blue rubber bands
Lateral Collateral ligament: represented by organ rubber band
Anterior cruciate ligament: yellow rubber band
Medical collateral ligament: tin foil
Meniscus: paper clip
Patella tendon: green rubber band
Tibia: Handle of the bottom spoon
Here’s the model of my knee
Here is a model of a neuron
Here is a model of a muscle cell
My main model represents the knee joint. I learned all about the different parts of the knee and what they do. How the muscles help to move my joint, and especially all the different parts.
I have to say that while I do end up learning a lot from the labs they are my least favorite activity in the course. It is not enjoyable and it is very hard to wrap my head around.
I did the model of the knee joint including
Femur: represented my the top portion of a spoon
Patella: represented by the scoop part of the spoon
Quadriceps tendon: represented by blue rubber bands
Lateral Collateral ligament: represented by organ rubber band
Anterior cruciate ligament: yellow rubber band
Medical collateral ligament: tin foil
Meniscus: paper clip
Patella tendon: green rubber band
Tibia: Handle of the bottom spoon
Here’s the model of my knee
Here is a model of a neuron
Here is a model of a muscle cell
My main model represents the knee joint. I learned all about the different parts of the knee and what they do. How the muscles help to move my joint, and especially all the different parts.
I have to say that while I do end up learning a lot from the labs they are my least favorite activity in the course. It is not enjoyable and it is very hard to wrap my head around.
Friday, November 14, 2008
Unit 3 pt 2 lab
1. What are the three changes you observe in a muscle while it is working?
The muscle gets tighter to the tough, meaning that it is contracting. The muscle will also change length as in the experiment with the arm. And the circumference changes because when the muscle tightens it can also change shape somewhat.
2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscle?
It significantly slowed down the rate at which I could contract. This happens because the cold slows down the metabolism inside the muscles cells, so the muscle has less energy to create movement with.
3. What effect did the fatigue have on the action on your hand muscles?
It made it harder to contract. It is because I am depleting the energy available to the muscle to contact, making it harder and harder.
Conclusion:
Cold slows down the metabolism inside the muscles cells, so the muscle has less energy to create movement with. Repetitive movement with one muscle or a set of muscles depletes the energy available to the muscle to contact, making it harder and harder.
The muscle gets tighter to the tough, meaning that it is contracting. The muscle will also change length as in the experiment with the arm. And the circumference changes because when the muscle tightens it can also change shape somewhat.
2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscle?
It significantly slowed down the rate at which I could contract. This happens because the cold slows down the metabolism inside the muscles cells, so the muscle has less energy to create movement with.
3. What effect did the fatigue have on the action on your hand muscles?
It made it harder to contract. It is because I am depleting the energy available to the muscle to contact, making it harder and harder.
Conclusion:
Cold slows down the metabolism inside the muscles cells, so the muscle has less energy to create movement with. Repetitive movement with one muscle or a set of muscles depletes the energy available to the muscle to contact, making it harder and harder.
Compendium Review Unit 3 pt 2
Table of Contents
1. Muscle cell structure
2. Calcium release in the muscle
3. Muscle contraction
4. Joints
5. Structure of a bone
6. Calcium regulation in the bones
1. Muscle cell structure
A single muscle cell has hundreds of myofibrils. Myofibrils are threads that run along the axis of the fibre. They all have actin acting and myosin. Actin facilitates cellular movement, it is also known as microfilaments or thin filaments. Myosin is a protein responsible for converting ATP energy to mechanically usable energy. The cells of muscles are also quite large and can be seen without a microscope.
a. Parts of a muscle cells
Muscle cells have a few main parts. Sarcolemma is the cell membrane that can create action potential to allow the muscle to do its job: move. Then there’s the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum both regulate calcium ions. And finally the T-tubules get into the cell to contact the sacroplasmic reticulum.
2. Calcium release in the muscle
Calcium is a released in the muscle through a chain of actions. First the motor neuron sends a single to the axonal terminus, and then the synapse send the message to the muscle cell. The Sarcolemma or muscle cell membrane goes through action potential and on to the T-tubule system. There is a change in the voltage that creates the release of the calcium ions in the muscle cell. The presence of the calcium makes the cross-bridges go through a change in shape.
3. Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction requires ATP. There are three different ways to get the ATP. The first is Anaerobic in which phosphate is created and added to creatine to make ATP. The second is when glycogen and lactate are fermented to make ATP. And third Aerobic, glycogen or fatty acids are combined with water and oxygen to make the ATP. The energy is used to make the muscle cells move closer together to contract the muscle. Neurons are what tell the muscles to move based on stimulus from the outside world or through sensory input. Muscles contract when they slide filaments. The following website http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~holmes/muscle/muscle1.html, has a really great explanation. “The contraction of voluntary muscles in all animals takes place by the mutual sliding of two sets of interdigitating filaments: thick (containing the protein myosin) and thin (containing the protein actin) organized in sarcomeres each a few microns long which give muscle its cross striated appearance in the microscope (Fig 1). The relative sliding of thick and thin filaments is brought about by ‘cross bridges’, parts of the myosin molecules which sticks out from the myosin filaments and interact cyclically with the thin filaments, transporting them by a kind of rowing action. During the process ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is hydrolyzed to ADP (adenosine diphosphate), the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy.”
4. Joints
Joints connect different bones together; the synovial joints are what allow movement throughout the body because they are lubricated and can facilitate movement. The movement is created when muscles tug on the joint and we move.
5. Structure of a bone
Bones are actually living organisms in the body that have nerves blood supply and cells. There is connective tissue inside the bone that surrounds the blood vessels. Cells as they are in all parts of the body and the driving force of the bone creating bone tissue, breaking down old bone tissue.
a. Fetal bone formation
When bones form in the fetus they start with cartilage. Cartilage is thought of as a type of bone but is technically a type of very dense connective tissue. Once the cartilage has formed bony tissue fills around the blood vessels. The new bone tissue is formed inside of the cartilage at the growth plate that lies between the diaphylis and epiphysis and the two ends of the bone. Then the final bone starts to form, this happens in three stages.
b. Medullary cavity
The Medullary cavity is located in the diaphysis and is a hollow area shaped like a tube. This is where the bone marrow is and where the blood cells of the bone are created.
c. Bone tissue what's so special about bone tissue?
Bone tissue is what supports our body without it and our muscles we’d be a big lump on the floor. Bones also protect the organs from the outside world. And bones are kind enough to store most of our calcium and phosphate.
6. Calcium regulation in the bones
Bones store calcium and are essential to the health of the bone. Calcium is also needed for cell metabolism and muscle cells. When bone loses calcium they become weaker. It is the role of the thyroid and parathyroid to regulate calcium in the body. When bones don’t get enough calcium osteoporosis is manifested. Osteoporosis is a disease that effects more women than men and levels are high in the elderly. The weakness of the bones can lead to soreness and easy fractures and breaking.
Sources:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.section.1790, http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/actin_filaments_intro.htm, http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~holmes/muscle/muscle1.html, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cartilage.htm, http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect5.html, Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
1. Muscle cell structure
2. Calcium release in the muscle
3. Muscle contraction
4. Joints
5. Structure of a bone
6. Calcium regulation in the bones
1. Muscle cell structure
A single muscle cell has hundreds of myofibrils. Myofibrils are threads that run along the axis of the fibre. They all have actin acting and myosin. Actin facilitates cellular movement, it is also known as microfilaments or thin filaments. Myosin is a protein responsible for converting ATP energy to mechanically usable energy. The cells of muscles are also quite large and can be seen without a microscope.
a. Parts of a muscle cells
Muscle cells have a few main parts. Sarcolemma is the cell membrane that can create action potential to allow the muscle to do its job: move. Then there’s the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum both regulate calcium ions. And finally the T-tubules get into the cell to contact the sacroplasmic reticulum.
2. Calcium release in the muscle
Calcium is a released in the muscle through a chain of actions. First the motor neuron sends a single to the axonal terminus, and then the synapse send the message to the muscle cell. The Sarcolemma or muscle cell membrane goes through action potential and on to the T-tubule system. There is a change in the voltage that creates the release of the calcium ions in the muscle cell. The presence of the calcium makes the cross-bridges go through a change in shape.
3. Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction requires ATP. There are three different ways to get the ATP. The first is Anaerobic in which phosphate is created and added to creatine to make ATP. The second is when glycogen and lactate are fermented to make ATP. And third Aerobic, glycogen or fatty acids are combined with water and oxygen to make the ATP. The energy is used to make the muscle cells move closer together to contract the muscle. Neurons are what tell the muscles to move based on stimulus from the outside world or through sensory input. Muscles contract when they slide filaments. The following website http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~holmes/muscle/muscle1.html, has a really great explanation. “The contraction of voluntary muscles in all animals takes place by the mutual sliding of two sets of interdigitating filaments: thick (containing the protein myosin) and thin (containing the protein actin) organized in sarcomeres each a few microns long which give muscle its cross striated appearance in the microscope (Fig 1). The relative sliding of thick and thin filaments is brought about by ‘cross bridges’, parts of the myosin molecules which sticks out from the myosin filaments and interact cyclically with the thin filaments, transporting them by a kind of rowing action. During the process ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is hydrolyzed to ADP (adenosine diphosphate), the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy.”
4. Joints
Joints connect different bones together; the synovial joints are what allow movement throughout the body because they are lubricated and can facilitate movement. The movement is created when muscles tug on the joint and we move.
5. Structure of a bone
Bones are actually living organisms in the body that have nerves blood supply and cells. There is connective tissue inside the bone that surrounds the blood vessels. Cells as they are in all parts of the body and the driving force of the bone creating bone tissue, breaking down old bone tissue.
a. Fetal bone formation
When bones form in the fetus they start with cartilage. Cartilage is thought of as a type of bone but is technically a type of very dense connective tissue. Once the cartilage has formed bony tissue fills around the blood vessels. The new bone tissue is formed inside of the cartilage at the growth plate that lies between the diaphylis and epiphysis and the two ends of the bone. Then the final bone starts to form, this happens in three stages.
b. Medullary cavity
The Medullary cavity is located in the diaphysis and is a hollow area shaped like a tube. This is where the bone marrow is and where the blood cells of the bone are created.
c. Bone tissue what's so special about bone tissue?
Bone tissue is what supports our body without it and our muscles we’d be a big lump on the floor. Bones also protect the organs from the outside world. And bones are kind enough to store most of our calcium and phosphate.
6. Calcium regulation in the bones
Bones store calcium and are essential to the health of the bone. Calcium is also needed for cell metabolism and muscle cells. When bone loses calcium they become weaker. It is the role of the thyroid and parathyroid to regulate calcium in the body. When bones don’t get enough calcium osteoporosis is manifested. Osteoporosis is a disease that effects more women than men and levels are high in the elderly. The weakness of the bones can lead to soreness and easy fractures and breaking.
Sources:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.section.1790, http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/actin_filaments_intro.htm, http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~holmes/muscle/muscle1.html, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cartilage.htm, http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect5.html, Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Compendium Review Unit 3 pt 1
Table of Contents
1. What does nervous system does
2. Diffusion and Action Potentials in Neurons
3. Myelin Sheath
4. Neurons
5. Synapse
6. Reflex arc (simple somatic function) and autonomic function
7. How Sensation happens
8. Sensory fields in the brain
9. Body Sensory
10. Special senses in the head
1. What does the nervous system does
The nervous system controls the intake of sensory information, processes the information and creates motor outputs, the response to the intake. All neurons in the nervous system send signals the same way. That is a very simple and basic explanation of the nervous system, it is way complicated.
2. Diffusion and Action Potential in Neurons
Diffusion is when move on transport proteins in the cell membrane. Action potential is the rapid transmission of messages that takes place in the body through the nervous system. This allows us to analyze the information of out environment quickly. It is done through diffusion in the cell membrane.
3. Myelin Sheath
The myelin sheath is one nerve that consists of hundreds or thousand of axons. It is a fat based nerve that helps to insolate neurons and to help with action potential. The myelin is located in the cells that surround the axon that are called Schwann cells, this allows action potential to go to nodes where the cell membrane is exposed. The saltatory or jumping of action potential, it saves energy and makes it more efficient.
4. Neurons
Neurons are the cells that transmit action potential and are the main cell in the nervous system. Neurons receive the information that they transmit from sensory cells or other neurons that already have the information. Neurons can be super long. The axon of the cell is what carries the message. One of the things I found most interesting about neurons is that they don’t procreate, go through mitosis or die. There are two main types of neurons; sensory neurons that give information to the organs and tissue, and motor neurons that send information to every muscle.
5. Synapse
Synapse occurs when the action potential has been carried out to the end. A Neurotransmitter is secreted to stimulate connecting neurons. According to http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Synapse there are 5 different kinds of synapse, they are as follows: “1. Chemical synapse: one in which an action potential causes the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand gated ion channels on the post synaptic cell. These ion channels then affect the resting potential of the post synaptic cell. 2. Electrical synapse: one in which electrical connection is made directly through the cytoplasm, via gap junctions. 3. Rectifying synapse: one in which action potentials can only pass across the synapse in one direction (all chemical and some electrical synapses). 4. Excitatory synapse: one in which the firing of the presynaptic cell increases the probability of firing of the postsynaptic cell. 5. Inhibitory synapse: one in which the firing of the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of firing of the postsynaptic cell.
6. Reflex arc (simple somatic function) and autonomic function
The Reflex arc is one of the coolest things I’ve learned about. The reflex arc is an arc of electrical current that jumps from one neuron to another to activate involuntary action. The axon forms a new synapse, which transmits the impulse to the motor neuron to send the single.
7. How Sensation happens
Sensations occur when our bodies sense something through conscious somatic sensory perception. There are special sensory receptors whose job it is to process the information that our senses are picking up. The receptor sells tell the sensory neurons what is going on through action potential. And finally the brain and the spinal cord figure out the details, of the what where and how much.
8. Sensory fields in the brain
This is done through large areas in the brain that organize information spatially. This is done for vision and touch through the skin.
9. Body Sensory
The body senses touch, pain, temperature and pressure through the skin. Our body knows the position it is in through proprioception. The body senses what is going on around it and information is sent through the neurons to the brain and spinal cord for interpretation.
10. Special senses in the head
Many of the senses that help us perceive the world and our place in it are located in the head. They are taste, smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium, which is a sense that is in the inner ear.
Works Cited:
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097305.html, http://www.merthyrlearns.com/mod/resource/view.php?id=5276, Sources: Sources: Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
1. What does nervous system does
2. Diffusion and Action Potentials in Neurons
3. Myelin Sheath
4. Neurons
5. Synapse
6. Reflex arc (simple somatic function) and autonomic function
7. How Sensation happens
8. Sensory fields in the brain
9. Body Sensory
10. Special senses in the head
1. What does the nervous system does
The nervous system controls the intake of sensory information, processes the information and creates motor outputs, the response to the intake. All neurons in the nervous system send signals the same way. That is a very simple and basic explanation of the nervous system, it is way complicated.
2. Diffusion and Action Potential in Neurons
Diffusion is when move on transport proteins in the cell membrane. Action potential is the rapid transmission of messages that takes place in the body through the nervous system. This allows us to analyze the information of out environment quickly. It is done through diffusion in the cell membrane.
3. Myelin Sheath
The myelin sheath is one nerve that consists of hundreds or thousand of axons. It is a fat based nerve that helps to insolate neurons and to help with action potential. The myelin is located in the cells that surround the axon that are called Schwann cells, this allows action potential to go to nodes where the cell membrane is exposed. The saltatory or jumping of action potential, it saves energy and makes it more efficient.
4. Neurons
Neurons are the cells that transmit action potential and are the main cell in the nervous system. Neurons receive the information that they transmit from sensory cells or other neurons that already have the information. Neurons can be super long. The axon of the cell is what carries the message. One of the things I found most interesting about neurons is that they don’t procreate, go through mitosis or die. There are two main types of neurons; sensory neurons that give information to the organs and tissue, and motor neurons that send information to every muscle.
5. Synapse
Synapse occurs when the action potential has been carried out to the end. A Neurotransmitter is secreted to stimulate connecting neurons. According to http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Synapse there are 5 different kinds of synapse, they are as follows: “1. Chemical synapse: one in which an action potential causes the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand gated ion channels on the post synaptic cell. These ion channels then affect the resting potential of the post synaptic cell. 2. Electrical synapse: one in which electrical connection is made directly through the cytoplasm, via gap junctions. 3. Rectifying synapse: one in which action potentials can only pass across the synapse in one direction (all chemical and some electrical synapses). 4. Excitatory synapse: one in which the firing of the presynaptic cell increases the probability of firing of the postsynaptic cell. 5. Inhibitory synapse: one in which the firing of the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of firing of the postsynaptic cell.
6. Reflex arc (simple somatic function) and autonomic function
The Reflex arc is one of the coolest things I’ve learned about. The reflex arc is an arc of electrical current that jumps from one neuron to another to activate involuntary action. The axon forms a new synapse, which transmits the impulse to the motor neuron to send the single.
7. How Sensation happens
Sensations occur when our bodies sense something through conscious somatic sensory perception. There are special sensory receptors whose job it is to process the information that our senses are picking up. The receptor sells tell the sensory neurons what is going on through action potential. And finally the brain and the spinal cord figure out the details, of the what where and how much.
8. Sensory fields in the brain
This is done through large areas in the brain that organize information spatially. This is done for vision and touch through the skin.
9. Body Sensory
The body senses touch, pain, temperature and pressure through the skin. Our body knows the position it is in through proprioception. The body senses what is going on around it and information is sent through the neurons to the brain and spinal cord for interpretation.
10. Special senses in the head
Many of the senses that help us perceive the world and our place in it are located in the head. They are taste, smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium, which is a sense that is in the inner ear.
Works Cited:
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097305.html, http://www.merthyrlearns.com/mod/resource/view.php?id=5276, Sources: Sources: Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition, Human Biology 10th
Tuesday, November 11, 2008
Unit 3 Ethical Issues essay
It was great to see this issue taken into account. I recently learned that the Prescott Unified School district only has Physical Education 2 to 3 days a week. I was outraged. So this was a particularly good time for me to this assignment.
It was interesting to see the first article, Essay on Obesity and the Environment Modifying the Environment to Reverse Obesity, actually take into account the fact that our daily lives don’t include physical activity like they used to. And because our lives are taken up with work that doesn’t include physical activity many have a hard time making time to get exercise. For me growing up, I never had a hard time getting exercise. But I was home schooled and lived in the forest, I was a total tomboy and spent my afternoons running around and climbing trees. And then I got into dance. I think that children and adults would benefit greatly from finding an activity that is fun for them. But then I quit dance and started college and it all went down hill from there. I stopped exercising. I lived a half hour drive out of town so there was no walking, and I just went home and watched TV with my parents. Getting rid of television when my boyfriend and I moved in was the best decision we have ever made. I feel that people shouldn’t have cable or satellite. I’m not saying that we shouldn’t have any TV. We could have it and some DVD’s for when we get sick and lie around, or for watching something educational but for the most part TV should be given up.
I love the ides in some of the other articles where they’ve made trails a very viable mode of transportation. I think that it would be hard to convince people to give up their comfy cars to walk on trails. But if the trails make it easier to get where you’re going then it might work. It’s all about giving people an incentive, they’re not going to do it just because they’ll get exercise or pollute less. Trails for walking and bicycles are something that should be much more encouraged in cities. But I will say that I don’t want roads to totally disappear. I did a lot of walking this summer, but now that it is cold I don’t want to walk. I would not trade a half hour walk to work at 5:30 in the morning for a 10-minute drive.
Then there’s the issue of how to get people to eat food that’s good for them. The psychology of eating has always fascinated me. I have always eaten healthy. I was raised that way and just never learned another way to exist. So I have a really hard time trying to understand why people don’t eat healthy food, so I am happy that this was brought up because I am nutrition major and I need to learn how to understand this. I agree with the first article that advertising is a huge part of promoting an unhealthy lifestyle. Children especially, being bombarded with these ads. My uncle, who’s a little radical, one time at a parade in town screamed at the Ronald McDonald going by on a float “You’re killing our children.” And that is true to some extent. I think for children this comes down partially to bad parenting. Parents give into their children too easily instead of saying “no” and sticking to it.
Eating well is a habit. I’m not sure what the best way to make the habit is, but I know that once you do it is hard to do anything else. If I eat out a couple times in a week I can feel it. It’s lower quality food that isn’t as healthy and my body let’s me know it.
I’m glad to see that there are so many people out their trying to fix the epidemic of obesity. I figure things can only get so bad, and once they do they’ll start to turn around.
It was interesting to see the first article, Essay on Obesity and the Environment Modifying the Environment to Reverse Obesity, actually take into account the fact that our daily lives don’t include physical activity like they used to. And because our lives are taken up with work that doesn’t include physical activity many have a hard time making time to get exercise. For me growing up, I never had a hard time getting exercise. But I was home schooled and lived in the forest, I was a total tomboy and spent my afternoons running around and climbing trees. And then I got into dance. I think that children and adults would benefit greatly from finding an activity that is fun for them. But then I quit dance and started college and it all went down hill from there. I stopped exercising. I lived a half hour drive out of town so there was no walking, and I just went home and watched TV with my parents. Getting rid of television when my boyfriend and I moved in was the best decision we have ever made. I feel that people shouldn’t have cable or satellite. I’m not saying that we shouldn’t have any TV. We could have it and some DVD’s for when we get sick and lie around, or for watching something educational but for the most part TV should be given up.
I love the ides in some of the other articles where they’ve made trails a very viable mode of transportation. I think that it would be hard to convince people to give up their comfy cars to walk on trails. But if the trails make it easier to get where you’re going then it might work. It’s all about giving people an incentive, they’re not going to do it just because they’ll get exercise or pollute less. Trails for walking and bicycles are something that should be much more encouraged in cities. But I will say that I don’t want roads to totally disappear. I did a lot of walking this summer, but now that it is cold I don’t want to walk. I would not trade a half hour walk to work at 5:30 in the morning for a 10-minute drive.
Then there’s the issue of how to get people to eat food that’s good for them. The psychology of eating has always fascinated me. I have always eaten healthy. I was raised that way and just never learned another way to exist. So I have a really hard time trying to understand why people don’t eat healthy food, so I am happy that this was brought up because I am nutrition major and I need to learn how to understand this. I agree with the first article that advertising is a huge part of promoting an unhealthy lifestyle. Children especially, being bombarded with these ads. My uncle, who’s a little radical, one time at a parade in town screamed at the Ronald McDonald going by on a float “You’re killing our children.” And that is true to some extent. I think for children this comes down partially to bad parenting. Parents give into their children too easily instead of saying “no” and sticking to it.
Eating well is a habit. I’m not sure what the best way to make the habit is, but I know that once you do it is hard to do anything else. If I eat out a couple times in a week I can feel it. It’s lower quality food that isn’t as healthy and my body let’s me know it.
I’m glad to see that there are so many people out their trying to fix the epidemic of obesity. I figure things can only get so bad, and once they do they’ll start to turn around.
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Unit 3: Leech Lab
QUESTIONS ABOUT LEECH NEUROPHYSIOLOGY LAB:
1. What is the electrode measuring?
The electrode is measuring the difference of neuron membranes.
2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?
Because the neurons are easy to reach without having to disrupt the neuron.
3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?
A sensory neuron sends messages to the brain and spinal word, while the motor neuron sends messages to the muscles and organs.
4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?
Absolutely. I think that anything with nerves experiences pain.
5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?
Seeing the structure of a leach was interesting because we don’t have leeches her in the west. And getting to walk through doing the experiment virtually to see how it works without has to actually do it.
6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?
I did not like dissecting the leech. It was gross and sad, but at least it wasn’t real.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)