1. Cardiovascular System and Blood
2. Cellular Respiration and Oxygen
3. Blood cells
4. Immunity and Microbes
5. White blood cells
6. Foreign invaders
7. Antibodies
8. AIDS and HIV virus
1. Cardiovascular System and Blood
The Cardiovascular system is the heart, arteries, blood vessels and capillaries that carry the blood throughout ones body. The arteries go to all main parts of the body. The blood caries nutrients through out the body and helps get red of waste. Diffusion is the term for things moving in and out of the blood.
The Heart
source: http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/19612.jpg
a. Circulation
Circular is the blood flowing through the body. Good circulation is essential to being healthy. It insures that nutrients and oxygen get to all the parts of the body so the body can function properly.
b. Capillaries
Capillaries are the small blood cells that are everywhere in the human body. They ensure that there is blood and therefore nutrients and oxygen go though out the body and waste is given a way to escape.
Capillary
source: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/capillary.gif
c. The heart and blood pressure
The heart pumps the blood through the body. Blood pressure is controlled by the heart and can change due to activity level or health problems. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pressure against the blood vessels near the surface of the skin. Systolic pressure is the high number if you have ever had you blood pressure measured, this measure the blood being pushed out by the heart. Diastolic pressure is the small number that represents the time between the heartbeats.
2. Cellular Respiration and Oxygen
Cellular respirations occur in the mitochondria and produces ATP. This is the ATP production mechanism that does involve oxygen. Glucose is usually the source of energy in respiration. Oxygen is essential in cellular respiration; if it is not available the cell will use fermentation.
a. Why Cells need oxygen
Cells need oxygen to engage in respiration.
b. How oxygen gets into the blood
Oxygen gets into the blood when the blood cells travel back up to the lungs to get oxygen diffused into them.
source: http://www.cdc.gov/co/images/blood_cells.jpg
3. Blood cells
There are many different kinds of blood cells. A type of mitosis forms 3 million new red blood cells every second. Red blood cells consist completely of hemoglobin, a protein.
4. Immunity and Microbes
It is the job of the immune system to fight microbes that could cause illness and disease. Microbes are the things that can cause disease and illness in the human body. When an invader is discovered by the body macrophages eat and get red of invading microbes. Macrophages are found in the skin in the form of langerhans, in the blood in the form of phagocytes, and in the central nervous system in the form of microglial cells.
Microbes
source: http://www.bam.gov/sub_diseases/images/ip_microbes.jpg
Microbes on the human hand
source: http://www.shelbycountytn.gov/FirstPortal/dotShowDoc/Government/CountyServices/HealthServices/PersonalHealth/images/microbe.gif
Basic Microbe
source: http://www.microbeworld.org/images/library/SectionImages/MeetTheMicrobes/default_pageimage.gif
5. White blood cells
There are also white blood cells whose job is to fight of illness, or microbes. White blood cells serve a very important part of the immune system. There are several different kinds including, lymphocytes that recognize the invaders into the body, monocytes and neutrophils that eat or surround the microbes, and basophils that wake up the other cells for help by releases substances.
White blood cell trapping bacteria
source: http://www.csulb.edu/depts/biology/media/cell751.gif
6. Foreign invaders
Can be bacteria or viruses. There is a good bacterium that often lives in the body to fight of the bad bacteria, and there is a bad bacterium that comes from outside sources. The immune system knows the difference between the two, but often pharmaceuticals do not. Viruses are parts of the genome or DNA that broke away. The immune systems know what’s what. There are two cells that recognize foreign invaders; those are the T-cells and the B-cells.
7. Antibodies
Antibodies are proteins that help the body to get red of foreign invaders. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells that come from the B-cells in the immune system. There are many different kinds of antibodies that recognize different invaders; one could say that they specialize.
Antibody molocule
source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9740.jpg
source: http://www.4-antibody.com/images/antibody2.jpg
8. AIDS and HIV virus
AID’s is a disease that is cause by the HIV virus. The HIV virus is transmitted through bodily fluids including the blood. Aids cause the immune system to weaken because the helper T-cells can no longer fight of invaders.
a. HIV transmission
HIV can be transmitted several ways. Through sexual intercourse is a very common way as the HIV virus passes through bodily fluids. It can also be spread when people share needles to inject drugs, if the one of the users have HIV. And women who have HIV can give it to their children through their breast milk.
b. Helper t-cells
The helper T-cell is a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system. And they tell B-cells to make antibodies.
sources: http://ezinearticles.com/?What-are-Antibodies&id=334858, http://www.thebody.com/content/art1788.html, http://www.cancer.gov/templates/db_alpha.aspx?CdrID=44594, Frolich PowerPoint for cells and Human Biology 10th edition
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